History of Guitar Essay Example for Free

History of Guitar Essay Music has consistently been a piece of the world’s culture since the commencement. Path back a huge number of years prior, individuals used their body parts, for example, their mouth, hands and feet, so as to make sounds. In any case, due to people’s imagination and cleverness, they have started to utilize various materials that are a piece of their regular day to day existence so the production of instruments has started. One of those found and concocted instruments is guitar. This paper tries to give nitty gritty data respects to the historical backdrop of guitar. To start with, it will give a meaning of the term ‘musical instrument,’ and its sorts. At that point, it will likewise give a meaning of the instrument ‘guitar. ’ Second, it will follow and portray its history. What's more, in conclusion, it will uncover its advantages to the general public. Besides, it will give a concise information its contemporary status in the general public. Instrument, generally, is any solid delivering material that originates from any culture, initiated in any methods, and is used for making what is all around and much of the time known as â€Å"music. † It envelops programmed or mechanical anyway it likewise incorporates recording or playback gadget (Rice). It is characterized into various sorts to be specific: (1) idiophones, which comprises of cymbals, triangles, gongs, castanets, ringers, xylophones; (2) membranophones, which comprises of drums, a skin or layers is expanded and extended over a resounding hole; (3) chordophones or instruments that produce and make sounds by method of vibration of at least one strings extended in the midst of two fixed focuses. It tends to be a guitar, lupe, harp, violin, cello; (4) aerophones which are blowing gadgets that utilization vibration of the air. These incorporate trumpets, clarinets, woodwinds, bagpipes, whistle (qtd. n Wade 10). Guitar is a stringed instrument, which resembles the lute or the violin, in any case, it is greater in size and has six strings: three of them are silk-shrouded silver wire and the other three are catgut (â€Å"Guitar†). It is an all around portable instrument by which structure, apparent surfaces and playing methodologies and strategies are aftereffect of its allotment. It is used in different locally explicit melodic settings (Bennett and Dawe 1). It is made of wood, associated with lute, nonetheless, it has a more box-molded resonatorâ€the general attribute of the instrument. All through the history, its strings are played by either a plectrum or a finger. It has a round soundhole in its inside (Wade 12). The cutting edge English wording for ‘guitar’ originated from the Spanish expression ‘guittara’ and was gotten from Arabic and Latin terms ‘qitara’ and ‘cithara,’ separately. These terms were gotten from ‘kithara,’ and before Greek word, and from the Persian expression ‘sithar’. â€Å"‘Sithar’ itself is identified with the Indian instrument, the sitar† (â€Å"History of Guitar†). The historical backdrop of guitar is followed hundred of years prior. It has been set up alongside other predecessor instruments known as lyres and harps, which are referenced in the Old Testament, Mesopotamian since quite a while ago necked lutes, string instruments depicted in antiquated Babylonian and Egyptian craftsmanship (Wade 13). The most seasoned well known portrayal of the instrument that shows all its significant highlights is on a 3,300-year old stone cutting of Hittite minstrel (â€Å"History of Guitar†) found at Alaca Hoyuk (Wade 13). All through the Middle Ages, three, four, five-string guitars do exist. The Guittara Latina, which has bended sides, is said and thought to have started in Spain (â€Å"Acoustic Guitar History†). It is an item fundamentally of a long and multifaceted history of different impacts (â€Å"History of Guitar†). Renaissance is the picked period that is supposed to be the appropriate beginning stage of guitar since it is during this age the instrument is as of now comparable to music (Turnbull 2). During this period, writers composed more often than not in sheet music (â€Å"Acoustic Guitar History†), a melodic documentation generally not quite the same as the advanced ones. Its page generally looked colorful, lavish and muddled however for artists and instrumentalists, it has been a down to earth, valuable and a direct technique and way of changing images into sounds (Wade 18). All things considered, in this period, the guitar never had the regard that the lute has in light of the fact that it has not been viewed as a genuine instrument. The main distribution for guitar was perceived to have originated from Alonso Muddara’s â€Å"Tres Libros de Musica en Cifras para Vihuela. † Finally, the guitar started to draw in instrumentalists consequently; there had been an expansion in distribution and music (â€Å"Some Guitar History†). Italy turned into the focal point of guitar in seventeenth century. In the late eighteenth century ensuing to the expansion of the 6th string, the Spanish school of guitar making prospered. In the period of nineteenth century, there was at that point an upgraded and improved correspondence and transportation that permitted the entertainers to travel the world over, in this manner, the guitar advanced to turn into a broadly known instrument (â€Å"Acoustic Guitar History†). The angles and measurements of the cutting edge traditional guitar were set up and established by Antonio Torres, who works in Seville in 1850 (â€Å"History of Guitar†). Guitar music at that point got famous in Spain. The advancement in guitar that was finished by Torres meant modifications in appearance. The cutting edge guitar appeared as a widened body, the abdomen bend was expanded and the paunch was diminished. An improvement with respect to its inward supporting was structured; single string courses were supplanted by twofold courses and the machine head supplanted the wooden tuning pegs (â€Å"Acoustic Guitar History†). Before the finish of the nineteenth century, the guitar has become undesirable. Notwithstanding, it was restored by Francisco Tarrega, who was known for his â€Å"Receurdos de la Alhambra. † He acted in broad daylight and decided to perform for his companions at his home. He composed a method on the most proficient method to instruct guitar. He likewise translated a horde of melodic pieces for guitar. He was additionally considered as the pioneer of playing guitar with fingernails; which advanced into a custom (â€Å"Some Guitar History†). A large portion of the credit and acknowledgment in regards to the advancement of guitar was carried on to the Europeans. Today, steel-string acoustic guitars are created by the Americans. In the mid twentieth century, when European wanderers showed up in America, various them are profoundly talented instrument creators, which remembers those pros for the steel-stringed guitar. There are two sorts of creation that have evolvedâ€the level top guitar and the curve top guitar (â€Å"Acoustic of Guitar History†). At the point when guitar innovation has at long last driven and advanced toward the United States in the mid nineteenth century, it was Charles Friedrich Martin, a guitar producer who moved in New York in 1833, who started it. In mid 1900s, the Martin Company created and made bigger guitar instruments yet still followed and lived with the exemplary model plans, particularly the Spanish guitar (â€Å"How a Guitar is Made: Background†). The ancestry of the guitar is immense and laborious to follow particularly in light of the fact that there is an incomplete confusion that the guitar is an immediate replacement of the lute. The absence of notoriety and noticeable quality of guitar in history is appropriately because of the way that it pulls in little regard from great writers and performers until the twentieth century (â€Å"A Contextual Background†). The production of guitar has been of indispensable significance in the field of music. It is a portrayal and encapsulation of revelation, innovativeness, creative mind and articulation of performing knowledge and expertise. The early guitar offered noteworthy commitments during the Baroque time frame. The guitar and guitar predecessors grabbed hold of the consideration of people culture and the working class route back the Baroque time just as the Classical time frame (â€Å"A Contextual Background†). The instrument speaks to a theoretical thought, a method of intuition with respect to sound and a method of distinguishing and perceiving societies. The guitar is a central symbol in American culture and different societies around the globe. There are a few forms of stringed instruments that are made and made as far off away from Japan, and are formed into the symphony. It additionally shapes remarkable varieties like the Sitar of India (â€Å"The Linage of Guitar Construction†). The development of the guitar over the span of history is in a two-overlap way. The specialized movement and improvements have been exciting, interesting and crucial. By and by, feeding and building up that advancement and improvement has been the social component of guitar’s notoriety and acknowledgment. The mechanical modifications that have been requested socially added to its better and stronger instrumentation. Hence, there have been documentations on its turn of events and excursion. The guitar’s movement throughout time is one of the mirrors that culture undoubtedly changes after some time. It advances simply like how the guitar advances (Kentor and Michaels 10). The guitar isn't only an exemplification of one’s culture and time. It is likewise a portrayal of the status of whoever possesses it particularly during the old occasions on the grounds that a great many people in the working class claimed a guitar. Its improvement serves a reflection that people’s resourcefulness, thinking and innovativeness do upgrade and progress, close by with the way of life that they have a place. The making of guitar has helped a great deal in the music business since it goes with and produces sound even without the utilization of power. It is simply repairman

Effect of the Black Death in England on London's culture, population Essay

Impact of the Black Death in England on London's way of life, populace and economy among 1348 and around 1500 - Essay Example The way where the plague immediately spread is fairly crippling. The activity of the Sicilians to close their Messina port required the boats from the east to look for accessible port nearby the Mediterranean. In that capacity, the plague immediately developed and spread into the countries where these plague harboring ships moored. Along these lines, the plague was answerable for the end of around one third’s of England’s populace. In around four years, the plague had secured nearly the whole world. This outlines the grave circumstance that had been designed by the plague. Thusly, it is basic to dissect the specific effect of this plague on England all in all. The consistent development that had described England before the plague encountered an abrupt turn. The degree of passings that were being acknowledged from the plague resoundingly affects the strict, monetary, social and political structures. The way that the boats couldn't grapple in Messina was insufficient gro unds to clarify the irregular idea of the spread of the plague. In sourcing the response to this inquiry, the circumstance that existed in England preceding the rate of the Black Death, must be featured. The wellspring of the plague was from the insects that were preset in creatures. This is particularly the huge dark rodents. For whatever length of time that the creatures were alive, the bugs remained with their host. In any case, an issue emerged when these creatures kicked the bucket; and the bugs had no place to go. As they continued looking for another host, they would in general likewise assault people. In that capacity, the way that the plague slaughtered 33% of the whole England populace, it left a fundamentally huge effect on the political, monetary and strict structure of England. At the hour of the plague, England had been furiously catholic; as such it is basic to diagram the effect of the Black Plague on religion in England. The plague had its most disastrous effect in the urban areas (Sloanb 45). This depends on the way that the urban communities had been portrayed by congestion. Another factor that supported in this unlimited spread was the low norms of sanitation in the urban areas at that point. The relative speedy time frame among disease and extreme death profoundly affected the strict practices at that point. The time of the fourteenth century was a time of significant strict tendencies. Britain was to a great extent catholic. In that capacity, it was a show that individuals would kick the bucket with their last rights and having admitted their wrongdoings. In any case, this methodology couldn't be continued given the tremendous number of passings that were being recorded. This constrained the Pope Clement VI to offer reduction to each one of those passings was a legitimately sourced from the Black Plague. This is on the grounds that the pastorate couldn't be at the bedside of each and every individual who passed on. The strict change permi tted the withering to admit their wrongdoings to anybody at their bedside. So much was the need to have individuals at the bedside of the withering that individuals were additionally permitted to admit to ladies. This had recently been unsuitable in the catholic religion. In any case, given the idea of the circumstance, this must be acknowledged. The dependence on the pastorate hit low probabilities given the trait of the plague in assaulting secluded populaces exemplified by cloisters. It is nothing unexpected that individuals imagined that the plague was subsequently

First of the Fall Recruiting Fairs COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

First of the Fall Recruiting Fairs COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This message serves two purposes.   One is to remind you to check out our travel schedule to see if a representative from SIPA will be in your area this fall.   Two is to announce that this coming week the first few recruiting events of the fall will take place.   Alumni from SIPA will be attending recruitment fairs in Bogota, Colombia and San Jose, Costa Rica this coming week. Both fairs are sponsored by the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA).   Registration is required but there is no cost to attend.   Please see the links below for details: Bogota, Colombia Fair Details (September 9th) San Jose, Costa Rica Fair Details (September 10th) SIPA will also take part in the New York City Idealist.org Graduate School fair on September 10th.   Once again, registration is required but there is no cost to attend. New York City Idealist.org Graduate School Fair Registration Page

Proposal on Energy Audit - 1640 Words

Proposal Energy Audit: An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy, flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). Energy audit identifies opportunities for financial savings by elimination of wasteful use of electricity, coal and fuel oil, without affecting the process or quality of product. Need for Energy Audit: It has been established that Energy savings of the order of 5 to 20% are possible by optimizing use of Energy with better house keeping, low cost retrofitting measures and use of Energy efficient equipment at the time of replacement, renovation or up gradation. Pakistan†¦show more content†¦It is this first phase where you, the facility manager, can watch the work of the energy auditor to make sure he does not miss any equipment and allocates the equipment to their right meters. Phase-II: Data Analysis The second phase expected of an energy audit is an analysis of the data obtained at the facility. Here the auditor leaves the facility and returns to his place of business to use his skills and computer programs to analyze the data collected. When he/she has analyzed your existing equipment’s operation, it should match the demand and energy consumption on the electric bills. The analysis should show a breakdown of the percent of demand and energy used by various types of equipment such as air conditioning, heating, lighting, motors, etc. It should bench mark the facility’s energy use index to similar facilities. Phase-III: Recommend Energy Conservation with Cost Effective The third phase of an energy audit is to recommend energy conservation measures in equipment and operations. This would include replacing inefficient with high efficiency lighting, air conditioning, and motors, adding window tint to south and west facing windows, installing motion sensors, and purchasing there energy saving devices. Each item would have a cost and an annual savings associated with it so as to calculate a payback period and rate of return percent. They should be graphed to show individual as well asShow MoreRelatedEssay on Energy Planning Proposal1093 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: ENERGY PLANNING PROPOSAL 1 Alternative Energy Planning Proposal NAME SCI/362 July 15, 2013 PROFESSOR NAME Alternative Energy Plan Proposal 2 Energy Planning Proposal Project: Alternative Energy Organization: City of Seattle, Washington Requestor/Sponsor: MAYORS NAME City of Seattle Mayor Description of Request: Develop and implement an Alternative Energy Plan for City of Seattle. 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I would like to obtain this opportunity to first and foremost thank my supervisory team, for their guidance, support and good advice throughout this research journey. I would have got lost without them. I am also very thankful to the library support provided by the Fairfield school of business who have contributed with their experience for the investigation of this proposal Finally, I doRead MoreTechnology Of Mechanical Heart, Thyroid Surgery1825 Words   |  8 Pageswhich uses material that reduces noise, and optimal use of light for energy savings. b. Discuss the benefits of buying your product/service - Healthcare industry wants a secure and reliable tool to provide exceptional patient care, and manage data securely and scale for future growth. Eaton helps ensure operation in accordance with the needs and on demand. - Eaton can help hospitals to cut costs by saving energy and real-time energy management, so that the Mount Elizabeth Hospital can focus on patient

Implementing QuickSort Sorting Algorithm in Delphi

One of the common problems in programming is to sort an array of values in some order (ascending or descending). While there are many standard sorting algorithms, QuickSort is one of the fastest. Quicksort sorts by employing a divide and conquer strategy to divide a list into two sub-lists. QuickSort Algorithm The basic concept is to pick one of the elements in the array, called a pivot. Around the pivot, other elements will be rearranged. Everything less than the pivot is moved left of the pivot - into the left partition. Everything greater than the pivot goes into the right partition. At this point, each partition is recursive quick sorted. Heres QuickSort algorithm implemented in Delphi: procedure QuickSort(var A: array of Integer; iLo, iHi: Integer) ; var   Ã‚  Lo, Hi, Pivot, T: Integer; begin   Ã‚  Lo : iLo;   Ã‚  Hi : iHi;   Ã‚  Pivot : A[(Lo Hi) div 2];   Ã‚  repeat   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  while A[Lo] Pivot do Inc(Lo) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  while A[Hi] Pivot do Dec(Hi) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if Lo Hi then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  T : A[Lo];   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A[Lo] : A[Hi];   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A[Hi] : T;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inc(Lo) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dec(Hi) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  until Lo Hi;   Ã‚  if Hi iLo then QuickSort(A, iLo, Hi) ;   Ã‚  if Lo iHi then QuickSort(A, Lo, iHi) ; end; Usage: var   Ã‚  intArray : array of integer; begin   Ã‚  SetLength(intArray,10) ;   Ã‚  //Add values to intArray   Ã‚  intArray[0] : 2007;   Ã‚  ...   Ã‚  intArray[9] : 1973;   Ã‚  //sort   Ã‚  QuickSort(intArray, Low(intArray), High(intArray)) ; Note: in practice, the QuickSort becomes very slow when the array passed to it is already close to being sorted. Theres a demo program that ships with Delphi, called thrddemo in the Threads folder which shows additional two sorting algorithms: Bubble sort and Selection Sort.

Accounting Assignment Week 5 Free Essays

16-1, 16-2, 16-3, 16-5 Exercise 16-1Identifying cash inflows and outflows Indicate which of the following items will result in cash inflows and which will result in cash outflows. The first one is shown as an example. Initial investment |Outflow | |Salvage values |Inflow | |Recovery of working capital |Inflow | |Incremental expenses |Outflow | |Working capital commitments |Outflow | |Costsavings |Inflow | |Incremental revenue |Inflow | Exercise 16-2Determining the present value of a lump-sum future cash receipt Stan Sweeney turned 20 years old today. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Assignment Week 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now His grandfather established a trust fund that will pay Mr. Sweeney $80,000 on his next birthday. However, Stan needs money today to start his college education. His father is willing to help and has agreed to give Stan the present value of the future cash inflow, assuming a 10 percent rate of return. Required A. Use a present value table to determine the amount of cash that Stan Sweeney’s father should give him. Using the Present Value of $1 table, The factor for 1 year at 10% rate of return is 0. 90909 The PV of $80,000 after year 1 is PV = 80,000 * PV factor PV = 80000 * 0. 90909 PV = $72,727. 20 Based of The Present Value, Stan Sweeney’s father should give him $72,727. 20 B. ) Use an algebraic formula to prove that the present value of the trust fund (the amount of cash computed in Requirement a) is equal to its $80,000 future value. Investment + (0. 90909 x Investment) = $80,000 $72,727 + (0. 12 x $72,727. 20) =$80,000 $72,727 + $7,273 = $80,000 $80,000 = $80,000 Exercise 16-3Determining the present value of a lump-sum future cash receipt Marsha Bittner expects to receive a $600,000 cash benefit when she retires five years from today. Ms. Bittner’s employer has offered an early retirement incentive by agreeing to pay her $360,000 today if she agrees to retire immediately. Ms. Bittner desires to earn a rate of return of 12 percent. Required A. Assuming that the retirement benefit is the only consideration in making the retirement deci- sion, should Ms. Bittner accept her employer’s offer? Ms. Bittner should not accept the her employers offer. B. Identify the factors that cause the present value of the retirement benefit to be less than $600,000 Inflation is one factor that could affect the present value of the retirement benefit. Taxes is another factor that could affect the present value of the retirement benefit. Exercise 16-5Determining net present value Metro Shuttle Inc. is considering investing in two new vans that are expected to generate com- bined cash inflows of $28,000 per year. The vans’ combined purchase price is $91,000. The ex- pected life and salvage value of each are four years and $21,000, respectively. Metro Shuttle has an average cost of capital of 14 percent Required a. Calculate the net present value of the investment opportunity. |Present Value |FV X PRESENT VALUE |=  Ã‚   Present Value Equivalent  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |Period 1 |28,000  Ã‚   X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0. 877193  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   |$24,561 | |Period 2 |28,000  Ã‚   X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     0. 769468  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   |21,545 | |Period 3 |28,000  Ã‚   X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     0. 74972  Ã‚  Ã‚   |18,899 | |Period 4 |28,000  Ã‚   X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     0. 592080  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   |16,578 | |   |TOTAL |$ 81,583 | b. Indicate whether the investment opportunity is expected to earn a return that is above or below the cost of capital and whether it should be accepted. The investment opportunity is anticipated to earn a return that is below the cost of capital. T he investment should not be accepted. How to cite Accounting Assignment Week 5, Essay examples

Computer Crimes Ethics free essay sample

Page 3 Explain the three elements of the opportunity triangle (commit, conceal, convert), and discuss how Miller accomplished each when embezzling funds from Associated Communications. What specific concealment techniques did Miller use?. Page 3 What pressures motivated Miller to embezzle? How did Miller rationalize his actions?.. Page 4 Miller had a framed T-shirt in his office that said, â€Å"He who dies with the most toys wins. † What does this tell you about Miller? What lifestyle red flags could have tipped off the company to the possibility of fraud? Page 5 Why do companies hesitate to prosecute white-collar criminals? What are the consequences of not prosecuting? How could law enforcement officials encourage more prosecution?.. Page 5 What could the victimized companies have done to prevent Miller’s embezzlement?. Page 6 David L. Miller: Portrait of a White-Collar Criminal Question 1:How does Miller fit the profile of the average fraud perpetrator? How does he differ? How did these characteristics make him difficult to detect? Mr. Miller is a very sad case. He has all the qualifications of a stellar employee, but those traits are only there to mask who he truly is. He fits the average profile for the average fraud perpetrator because of the following: * The vast majority of fraud perpetrators spend everything that they steal. Only a very small percentage invest the money. Mr. Miller spent all the money and thus it explains why he stole from a new employer in order to repay the prior one. * Many white-collar criminals are stellar employees until that very moment when they are caught. They are always eager, work many days and long hours and are reliable employees. * Employers viewed Mr. Miller as an honest employee and it was because of this trust that he was placed in positions of sensitivity. * Mr. Miller had the life and behaved in the manner of your average citizen and did not raise any flags. He was an educated family man with values and good psychological framework. Even though he has some of the same traits as your average fraud perpetrator, he was harder to spot because of the many ways that he differed. Mr. Miller was not unhappy nor was he vengeful towards his employer. He also had never been convicted of his prior transgressions, and there were various. Normally, most of the fraud perpetrators are first time offenders and not serial offender as Mr. Miller has proven to be. This type of character is very difficult to spot because they do not tend to stand out. White-collar criminals are very educated talented individuals and are the perfect employee. No one would think that they would be capable of such deviant behavior. These people are placed in position of trust are usually work very hard and long hours for the employee. It is sad because there are many employees who possess these traits, but are truly honest and have the company’s best interest at heart. Question 2: Explain the three elements of the opportunity triangle (commit, conceal, convert), and discuss how Miller accomplished each when embezzling funds from Associated Communications. What specific concealment techniques did Miller use? The three elements to the opportunity triangle are as follows: * Commit – for this instance the perpetrator commits the fraud by taking something that is of value to the victim. For corporations this could manifest itself in the form of money and the corruption of financial records in order to conceal the fraud. A great example of this was displayed when he was able to convince not one but two senior officers into signing various checks with the excuse of â€Å"in case something happens† to sway them into signing before they were to leave on vacation. Conceal – to conceal is to hide, so for this to occur the perpetrator must try to conceal their crime. Accounting must be kept in balance in order to avoid from being discovered. They normally do this by increasing other assets or decreasing corporate liabilities and or equities. I think about lying. It is often too easy to say one, but to conceal that lie takes skill and time and perhaps more lies. On one of Mr. Mi ller’s transgressions he concealed his fraud through doctoring of records and removal of checks. He concealed a particular theft by retrieving canceled checks from the bank and taking the recordings and destroying the evidence. Then to further conceal what he did, he hid the amounts of the money that he stole into other expense accounts in order to be able to reconcile the books. Internal controls are in place for a reason and just because someone is in a position of trust, these should not be ignored and for this particular occurrence they were overlooked due to too much trust. * Convert – normally to convert is to take something that is stolen and converting it to cash. This could occur in the form of inventory or company equipment. However, Mr. Miller did not do either of these. His crime was done more indirectly. Mr. Miller was able to forge checks to himself and deposit them within his personal account. Even though checks were signed by approved officers, the intended use for the check was not approved and constitutes fraud on behalf of Mr. Miller. Question 3: What pressures motivated Miller to embezzle? How did Miller rationalize his actions? I do not believe that Mr. Miller had a lot of pressures. However, he stated, after undergoing therapy that his problem was a disease and went as far as to compare it to alcoholism and gambling, but this to me is an excuse or a way to rationalize what he had done. He felt that he needed to steal and have all the luxuries to be liked by his peers; which is sad because he was liked, but not for the reasons he thought, but by his working capabilities. You know you are guilty of something if you have to rationalize what you are doing. I did not notice too many explanations other than Mr. Miller had to steal from his new employer in order to repay the old one. Nonetheless, I feel that he truly believed his own excuse that he was simply borrowing and not really stealing. Sometimes our rationalizations of our actions are so powerful that we can even fool ourselves. Question 4: Miller had a framed T-shirt in his office that said, â€Å"He who dies with the most toys wins. † What does this tell you about Miller? What lifestyle red flags could have tipped off the company to the possibility of fraud? I truly feel sorry for Mr. Miller. His life seemed to be centered around money and materialistic obsessions. That shirt and his behavior showed his desire for money and power, but above all to be recognized by friends and peers. In the end it was Mr. Miller’s extravagant way of living in comparison to his salary proved to be his undoing. When you have a salary of just $130,000 a year, you cannot afford the â€Å"toys† that he had. He had overall a large house, a condo on Myrtle Beach, tailored suits, monogrammed shirts, plenty of jewelry, gifts for relatives and above all the two Mercedes-Benz sedans that he just so happened to possess. In the synopsis there was no mention of his wife working, but with his salary and their 3 children, there was no reason for her to work and this logic is what led me to believe how his salary to possession ratio would raise a few red flags. Question 5:Why do companies hesitate to prosecute white-collar criminals? What are the consequences of not prosecuting? How could law enforcement officials encourage more prosecution? Even though we see in the news about CEO’s and CFO’s being prosecuted for fraud and embezzlement, in actuality, fraud against a corporation happens more frequently than one would think. The following are a few reasons why I feel that corporations are hesitant to prosecute white-collar criminals: * Lack of knowledge – many of the law enforcement agencies, attorneys or lawyers lack the knowledge in how to properly handle these types of cases. As technology use becomes ever so prevalent, the task is becoming more difficult as computers are a whole new playing field that is yet to be learned. * Aloofness by Society – unless the loss happens to you, society is more concerned with crimes of violence against another than monetary. The internal theft of funds within a corporation are seen as just that an internal problem. * Difficulty Prosecuting – unless you are lucky and have a confession from the perpetrator, like in Mr. Miller’s case to which he confessed in every event, you have a costly and lengthy case that will prove to be rather hard to prove. Prosecution can sometimes cost more than the theft itself and it is not seen as an incentive to prosecute. * Lack of understanding on what computer fraud really is. Computers and the internet are pretty new things and as such the laws and ways to prosecute are very vague and hard to understand. * Guilt on the outcome of the perpetrators family. Because Mr. Miller in every event promised restitution and had a wife with 3 children, the companies felt that prosecuting was heartless and they did not wish to cause harm to the family. One corporation, Crest even hired the attorney to represent Mr. Miller. * Negative shadow against the corporation – Companies do not like anything that could hinder their public image. Mr. Miller’s transgressions would cause a very public trial and a lot of investors would have been involved. This would have caused many to remove their investment. Overall, the corporation would suffer greatly. * Knowledge that their weaknesses would be exposed. Lack of trust in the internal controls or any discovery of weaknesses would have caused a lot of future damage against a corporation. People are creatures of trust and habit and once trust is broken, it is very hard to return and provide that trust again. This would hurt future business that the corporation would have. Look at Enron, AIG, and Bernie Madoff, to name a few. * My favorite of all would be those that are prosecuted and the outcome is favorable to the victim, the perpetrator gets very light sentences. Many go to minimum security prisons, work camps that have certain luxuries. Because of this many corporations do not even bother in spending the additional funds in prosecuting these cases. The above named are mere excuses and to not prosecute fraud causes more harm. It allows for the perpetrator to move on to commit fraud against another corporation, like in Mr. Miller’s case. By having this exposure, corporations feel that they will feel that they will look to others as being weak and will encourage others to commit fraud against them. When someone is not punished for their transgressions that person will not learn and feel that they can get away with it again if they get caught. Law enforcement officials are stuck and all they can do is encourage others to come forward and report the offenses. Corporations need to know that if they take action that there will be a support system and their voices will not be lost. They need to be sure that the perpetrator will be convicted accordingly depending upon their transgressions. They need to be made an example of, so that the public know that this behavior is not tolerated and it is a serious offense that will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Question 6:What could the victimized companies have done to prevent Miller’s embezzlement? When I read the synopsis, I was looking for how Mr. Miller committed many of the frauds, but not much detail was revealed. However, the best way that the corporations could have avoided this was to have better internal controls and adhering to them. I would have prevented some of the thefts by doing the following: * Having better controls of the checks and the signing of checks. * Secondary looks at the monthly reconciliations and the bank statements. * Provide a list of all check deposits with the subsequent invoice explaining the reason for the expense. No employee should have the level of trust and freedom that Mr. Miller was given. There always needs to be a system of checks and balances in place in order to ensure and prevent this from happening. I can understand that these positions merit trust, but there should be a second person looking at the financials to curb any temptation for even the most honest to commit fraud. Had the first employer chosen to prosecute none of this would have happened. However, the future employers could have avoided all of this had they just bothered to do a more thorough background check on Mr. Miller. There they would have discovered the reasons for his separation from his prior employment.

Art Exhibition Essay Example Essay Example

Art Exhibition Essay Example Paper On the 18th February 2009, several lucky year 11 drama students at Santa Maria College saw Nostalgia by Ishinha at the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre. This play extended for 2 hours, which was a reasonable time frame for such an astounding performance. Prior to the performance, I had very low expectations for the play because I assumed I wouldn’t understand the plot, for the dialogue is in Japanese. However, the performance definitely exceeded my expectations because I understood the plot through the non-verbal communication and greatly appreciated this. The performance put aside, the audience was disappointing because I was forced to mix with people I would not normally mix with, and these people carried out rude habits, such as eating and talking during the performance. Nevertheless, the play was that brilliant that I didn’t notice this often. Art Exhibition Example Essay Sample Nostalgia is a play about Japanese immigrants migrating to Brazil in 1908. It is the story of Noichi, who wonders around the world, falling in love with Ann along the way. Ann, Noichi, and their new companion, Chikino, wander throughout South America. Unfortunately, they get separated because of racism and struggle to find each other again. Along with racism, Nostalgia faces such issues as friendship, immigration, and discrimination. The dramatic form of Nostalgia is non-realism because of certain theatrical devices. For example: the characters broke the â€Å"fourth wall†; language was stylised through repetition; and dance, song, and unrealistic costume were employed. Even though the form was non-realism, it also included aspects of a representational style because it attempted to create the illusion of life progressing on stage. The settings were extremely detailed and realistic, and the audience is expected to emphasise with the characters. We will write a custom essay sample on Art Exhibition Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Art Exhibition Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Art Exhibition Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Convention Exhibition Centre Convention Exhibition Centre Convention Exhibition Centre I liked how the action of the play was clearly structured into thirteen obvious scenes, which generally didn’t include narrative devices. Each scene had an individual tone. For example, scene 9 had a joyful tone, involving several cheerful children singing questions. Whereas, scene 3 had a distressing tone, because the privacy of the immigrants was violated. The overall tone of the play would be reflective because each scene reflects on different aspects along their journey. The performance space used was a box stage and the set changed every scene. The set was mostly representational in style because it was very realistic, especially in the newspaper factory in scene five. However, it did consist of few presentational scenes because the set was unachievable. Some of these unachievable sets included the beach in scene one, the river in scene six, and the desert in scene eight. The set was extremely effective in creating a sense of place because it was so realistic and believable. The set contributed to the various moods of the play because it emphasized the issues by situating them on a more believable level. There are numerous scenes in Nostalgia that used lighting, which consequently impacted my opinion of the play. Some scenes cleverly used realistic lighting to convey to the audience the time of day. For example, in scene five, the lighting was bright during the day, and then dimmed when it was nighttime. The use of symbolism through lighting really impacted my view of the play. One of the many brilliant examples was in scene three: during the physical examination, there was an extremely bright light symbolising the violation of the immigrants’ privacy, which contributed to the distressed mood of the scene. There were many sound effects used throughout the duration of the play. One of the powerful examples occurred in scene five: after the protests, fire, rape, and shootings, there was unbelievably loud music, which intensified the scene. This contributed to the chaotic mood of the scene because the loud music added more havoc to the issues already presented. Overall, I definitely enjoyed watching Nostalgia. I believe the play is amazing because of the theatrical techniques, such as music; lighting; song and dance; and scene structure. Surprisingly, I could actually understand the plot, regardless of not being able to recognise the dialogue, because I understood the non-verbal communication. This was a new experience for me, as I had never seen an international play before. Without a doubt, I would recommend everyone to watch Nostalgia!

China as an Economic Threat

China as an Economic Threat Introduction Tremendous economic growth in China coupled by the â€Å"open door† policy adopted by the regime has presented Asian and Western nations with major trading and investment opportunities. Nevertheless, the size and political complexion of China together with its current rate of economic growth make it a potential threat for many countries (Huslein, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on China as an Economic Threat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As economic expansion continues in China, there is an increase in potential benefits and perceived threats of this phenomenal development by various countries. This essay will highlight China as an economic threat. Discussion According to Steinfeld (2010), China provides a dynamic economy in a world that is coming into terms with the effects of recession. Multinationals, western exporters, and investors are wary of the remarkable transformation the cou ntry has achieved since 1978. Before this year the role of China in the global economy was insignificant. The Americans are the most concerned over the increased economic strength of China. According to new surveys, most of the Americans want the U.S. leaders sturdy with the Asian giant on economic and trade issues. Moreover, a firm populace alludes to outsourcing of work and trade arrears as perturbing issues. Americans are more concerned of the trade and industry power of China and its incredible expansion than its martial prowess. The economy of the United States is bigger than China’s. China overtook Japan in the latest years and is currently the second economy. Nevertheless, China’s economy is growing at a more rapid rate than the economy of the United States. Even in the event of an economic slowdown, the economy of China registers an annual growth of more 7%. In contrast, the economy of the United States has an annual growth of 2% or 3% during a slowdown. Accord ing to Peerenboom (2007), the trade opening between the United States and China widen to $280 in the last year and experts predict that it will continue to widen in the coming years. Although the Americans consider the economic ascend of the Asian Nation as a risk, they consider several positive attributes to the population of China.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The majority of the Americans depict Chinese people as aggressive, creative, and assiduous. The Americans also consider that economic expansion will culminate in a democratic China. However, only a fraction of the American population designates that China can be relied on a fair amount or a great deal. A depiction of China’s economic condition (Source: Yee Storey, 2013) Another country equally bothered by the economic rise is Japan. Japan has been overtaken by China in the recent years as t he second economic power after the United States. The Ministry of Trade, Economy, and Industry in Japan highlighted the need for cooperation with China rather than competing in global trade. The ministry advised that Japan was supposed to seek the creation of an innovative system, which would split the fiscal roles of the country and East Asia countries. This would progress effectiveness amid increased competition. According to a draft by the ministry, while the competition intensified between the rising economic giant and other countries in East Asia like Japan, the establishment of a system that would efficiently distribute labor within the Asian region would develop the region as a whole (Menges, 2005). The ministry of trade and economy in Japan sees China as a country that has improved competition in various industries, which vary from information technology, and textiles among other labor-intensive activities. The ministry sees China as the main production center in the world a nd the largest manufacturer in the world.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on China as an Economic Threat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Costs of labor in the Asian nation, which are very low compared to Japan, have promoted investment by European, the United States, and various foreign companies in the manufacturing field. This has raised the economy of China in the recent years (Summers, 2012). A report by concerned authorities in Japan deemed the Chinese economy a mighty rival. This report added that the period in which Japan led other Asian countries in economic matters had ended and that the period of intense competition amid various nations had commenced. While the economy of Japan has remained stagnant for many years, the economy of its rival has roared ahead and is on the course of overtaking the economy of the United States. If China will become the next big producer, American companies will strive for i nclusion. Failure to be included in the country’s manufacturing operations will lead to loss of competitiveness to EU firms and Japan (Ravenhill, 2006). The competition between top economies to get involved in China’s operations is similar to the scramble for influential spheres that occurred a century ago. However, there are numerous critical disparities from the scramble that happened a century ago. First, the reference outline for firms in America has changed. Industrial competition was between Industrial centers in Europe and the United States into the Chinese market to maintain local operations. During this period, exports were important. Yee Storey (2013) indicate that during economic competition, the basis for low cost manufacturing is to operate at full production. However, the output was deemed greater that consumption by the American market. Foreign markets were the only feasible locations for the disposal of surplus goods. This outlook was credited by the t wo decades of economic troubles that overwhelmed the United States at the later quarter of the last century. Various administrations in the North American economic giant have seen that exports only can save the United States economy with a limited potential for growth. This is the reason that the country has emphasized on China. However, the current China is not concerned about trade but investment. It is not only a market but also the largest production center in the world.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is whereby the local needs are served by home factories. Meanwhile, the rivalry between international firms is not the same as with local industries. The companies base the rivalry on establishment of industries in times of low costs (Yee Storey, 2013). The interaction of changes in the status of China and change in commercial orientation leads to the current scenario. At the start of the 20th century, the country had a fragile government. At the start of the 21st century, the country has the sturdiest administration in the region with regard to its power. Beijing will manipulate the foreigners in corporate matters and use the wealth in the expansion of influence and strength to dominate political matters in Asia and beyond. China will embark on the strategy because the major element is that the country has not changed in a century. The location of industrial centers determines material balance between national bodies. The stance of China is formidable. The country has the lar gest population of hardworking people, large capital inflows, considerable resources, and a fascist regime that guides its operations. This regime guides the manner in which trade is conducted (Menges, 2005). Menges (2005) reveals that the associations between the United States and China, particularly on trade and industry issues, have been of foremost spotlight recently. The current United States’ government complained to the WTO that the Asian economic giant had made unlawful promotion of motor vehicle exports. This move undercut suppliers from the United States. Several of the key players typified the occasioning of this complaint as being politically engineered. In the light of this, most Americans thought that the 2012 elections would bring genuine changes to the relationship between the two economic giants. Obama’s competitor, Mitt Romney, who was the Republican candidate, had offered to take an aggressive position toward China. He has also promised to label the Asian nation a monetary manipulator and strike China’s exports to the country with numerous tariffs. Onlookers deemed his plans a formula for a trade confrontation between the two trade and industry giants. Conclusion In summary, the meteoric rise of China as an economic giant because of its economic growth coupled by an open door policy adopted by the regime has presented various countries with trading and investment opportunities. However, the political complexion and size of the country alongside its rate of economic growth have made it a potential threat for numerous countries. As the expansion of economy continues in China there is an increase in potential benefits and threats of China’s phenomenal development by a number of countries. Japan and the United States are the most threatened by the rise of China as an economic giant. References Huslein, K. (2010 ). Is China an economic threat or boon to European trade? Munich: GRIN Verlag. Menges, C. (2005). China: The Gathering Threat: The Gathering Threat. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Inc. Peerenboom, R. P. (2007). China Modernizes: Threat to the West Or Model for the Rest? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ravenhill, J. (2006). Is China an Economic Threat to Southeast Asia? Asian Survey, 46 (5), 653-674. Steinfeld, E. S. (2010). Playing Our Game: Why Chinas Rise Doesnt Threaten the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Summers, L. (2012). China: Imposing economic threat or unprecedented growth opportunity? Journal of Policy Modeling, 34 (4), 529–532. Yee, H., Storey, I. (2013). China Threat: Perceptions Myths. London: Routledge.

Sandwich Generation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sandwich Generation - Essay Example First of all, Sandwich Generation is the modern generation that provides utmost importance to geriatric care/child care. But this creates much stress among those who are responsible for care giving to their parents and children. Besides, womenfolk face more problem than men because they are forced to play multiple roles in their families. To be specific, this role-play in real life creates emotional detachment from day to day life problems. For instance, children must be dealt with due care and attention. But when one’s duty/responsibility is divided between one’s own child and parent, there is high possibility for emotional fatigue. Stebbins (2001) makes clear that, â€Å"Eldercare issues are the most acute for women in the so-called sandwich generation, those with both eldercare and childcare responsibilities occurring at the same time† (p.48). If the individual is an employee, work place relationships may become problematic. Those who are running between work and personal responsibilities may face the problem of overloading responsibilities. Rogers (2010) states that, â€Å"Many of these caregivers find themselves pulling double duty as they struggle to care for an aging parent while raising their children and tending to other familial and work responsibilities† (p.338). One can easily identify that Sandwich Generation does not ignore their duties, but are totally immersed within the same. When they work at their offices, they face separation anxiety because their loved ones are eagerly waiting for them at their homes. This basic problem leads the Sandwich Generation to a dilemmatic situation of guilty consciousness. Another problem face by the Sandwich Generation is financial problem resulting from care giving. Still, they do not consider this as a serious problem because they are aware of their duty towards their children and parents. Babiarz (2007) opines that, â€Å"Healthcare decision-making ability is the first issue raised when someone

Bridget Bishop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bridget Bishop - Essay Example John Crook’s evidence in the same manner proved the witchcraft of the Bishop and narrated the event of five to six years’ before. Testimony of John Bly evolved a sow which turned out to be one of the important evidences as it was used by the Edward Bishop, the husband of the convicted and the sow was suspected of performing some uncanny activities soon after the quarrel of Bishop and Bly. Also the testimony of Richard Coman, who witnessed an unnatural circumstance eight years previous to the trial while lying awaken on his bed and saw an apparition of Bishop, was added as important evidence in the trial. Also the testimony of Samuel Shattock, John Louder and William Stacy were taken into serious considerations for the evidence of Bridget Bishop’s trial. Apart from these the witch cake, the spectral evidences and various touch tests suggested strong indication towards infliction of witchcraft. A thorough study of Bridget Bishop case indicates there are myriad social, political, local and religious motifs involved. Amid all these reasons, the local motifs are quite pertinent. In the village of Salem, issues pertaining to the demarcation of property and grazing land were disputed and quarrel related to these disputes were very commonplace in the neighbourhood. And among all these turmoil the privileges of church and its property along with the issues of the grazing rights performed a clichà © role in this case. But the obvious motif behind this case seems to be superstitions and contemporary puritan visions which protested many of the orthodox and protestant rituals of church. Apart from this, motif of jealousy and usurping of the property is one of the important motives that evolve out. Bishop was childless though she married thrice so definitely her property was actually heirless and therefore her captivation or early death

The Catcher In The Rye English Language Essay

The Catcher In The Rye English Language Essay Considering an English novel as the source document and its Persian translations as the target text, we mean to answer this question. Extracting idioms and non-idioms from the first chapter of J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, is the first step to start. Then we made a comparison of gathered information with their Persian translations by Najafi and Karimi for the next stage. Following compensation strategy by adding target language idioms somewhere in the translated texts by the Persian translators, is an open door to manage the idiomatic loss in their translations. This indicates that, if in any case its not possible to translate a source language idiom as an idiom in target language, the translator can compensate the loss of the idiom by adding a target language idiom to places where there initially was a non-idiom. Key words: English Idiom, Persian Translation, Translation Strategies, Compensation Strategy, Source Text (ST), Target Text (TT), Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL). Introduction: Translation is generally explained as a process in which the translator transfers the meaning of a SL text into TL under the circumstances of preserving the content and accuracy of original text, as far as it is possible. Where there is no equivalent for a SL idiom in the TL, the translator gets throughout compensation strategy to fill this incurred gap. The more skilled the translator is, the better will be the translation. If you are enthusiastic to this issue as we are, this is the paper you can refer to and take your answer. Theoretical Background: Translation Bell (ibid.: 6) argues that a total equivalence between a source language text and its translation is something that can never be fully achieved. According to Bassnett-McGuire (1980: 2), the aim of translation is that the meaning of the target language text is similar to that of the source language text, and that the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible, but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. In other words, the source language structure must not be imitated to such an extent that the target language text becomes ungrammatical or sounds otherwise unnatural or clumsy. Idiom: Idioms are the major and natural part of all languages as well as a prominent part of our everyday discourse. Idioms are such a normal part of our language use that we hardly even notice how vastly we use them in our everyday speech and writing. English is a language full of idioms, so, learners of English should be aware of their nature, types, and use. Using many idioms in English language is one of the aspects that makes it somehow difficult to learn for a Persian learner. They can be used in formal style and in slang. Idiom is defined as a group of words which have different meaning when used together from the one they would have if you took the meaning of each word individually (Collins Cobuild dictionary, 1990 edition). Indeed, the meaning of idiom can only be inferred through its meaning and function in context, as shown in the examples below (from Fernando, 1996). bread and butter, as in `It was a simple bread and butter issue (see further below); bless you, which is usually used in the context of cordial expressions; go to hell, which indicates that there is a conflict among interlocutors in an interpersonal contact; In sum, which indicates relations among portions and components of a text. Idioms are a set of phrases have different meaning from its individual parts of the phrases. Sometimes it is hard to recognize the meaning of a phrase just by knowing the meaning of the words including in it e.g. paint the town red is a phrase which has a meaning other than the meaning of its words separately, it means having a good time! Some traditional theories of idiomaticity assumed that idioms are frozen, semantic units that are essentially non-compositional (Hambin Gibbs, 1999, p.26). However, there have been a number of semantic classification systems proposed since 1980 for rating the composition of idioms which basically give differing names to the same concepts (Grant Bauer, 2004). Translating Idioms: working with English, the translator may easily recognize if an idiom violates `truth conditions, as in `it is raining cats and dogs, `storm in a teacup, jump down someones throat, etc. It may be hard to recognize, if the idiom is not of this nature, and translators may just think of it as an ordinary expression, with the consequence of either losing its tone or losing its meaning. There are two sources which may cause misinterpretation: The first possible source is that there are idioms which can mislead readers/users; they do not sound idiomatic at all, but at a closer look, careful readers would find the hidden idioms. An example given by Salinger in The Catcher in the Rye is `got the axe in the following text: The manager warned me, but I didnt notice, so I got the axe. On the first look, readers may interpret it in terms of a person who took an axe and wanted to do something with it like cut a tree but at a closer look, a careful reader may find out that means to lose the job. The second source of misinterpretation occurs when the words in an idiom have equivalents in the target language (i.e. in Persian) but with totally different meaning. Another good example given by Salinger is the idiom: for the birds. Winter weather is for the birds. At first it may be understood that this sentence means winter weather is good for the birds but it makes no sense because the meaning is really different and it means worthless; undesirable. Strategies used translating idioms Idioms are culture bound and this is another challenge for the translator to transfer the exact meaning and content of SL idiom into TL idiom perfectly. For the sake of solving these difficulties the translator may apply a strategy. Using the appropriate method in this process, the translators can get over the difficulties easily and it is valuable and useful for their works. Mona Baker, in her book In Other Words (1992, pp. 72-78) ,defines the following strategies for translating idiomatic expressions: 1) Using an idiom of similar meaning and form, 2) Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, 3) by paraphrase, 4) by omission. (1) Using an idiom of similar meaning and form: The first translation strategy by Mona Baker is translating TL idiom similar in its form and meaning to the SL idiom. For example: Tooth and nail ((Ø ¨ÃƒËœ Ú† Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ¯ Ùˆ Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   (2) Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form: Another strategy suggested by Mona Baker is translating a SL idiom into TL idiom the same meaning but different form. In this case, the translator does not preserve the lexical items and translate as a semantic equivalent. For example: Acid tongue in her head. (Ø ²ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Ù† Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Ø ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’ Ø ¯ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ) (3) Translation by paraphrase: The most common strategy in translation of idioms is paraphrase. Translators often cannot translate a SL idioms as a TL idiom, therefore they use the paraphrase strategy by using a word or a group of words in TL exactly related to the meaning of that idiom in SL which may be a non-idiom. Newmark (1988, p.109) says that while using this strategy not only components of sense will be missing or added, but the emotive or pragmatic impact will be reduced or lost. Still, paraphrase is usually descriptive and explanatory; sometimes it preserves the style of the original idiom as well. For example: On tenterhooks. ((Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ «Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ØÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ø ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’ Ø ªÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ø ¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (4) Translation by omission: This strategy is not used very frequently. In fact, it is not approved by many scholars and some of them do not include it among other translation strategies (Veisbergs, 1989). However, sometimes its impossible to translate a SL idiom into TL, so the translator may use another strategy called compensation. In this strategy the translator omit an idiom and may put another idiom elsewhere in the TL text by preserving the effect of SL idiom. Compensation Strategy: Compensation is a strategy most definitely worth considering, while it can be used as one possible strategy for dealing with idioms and quite an effective one for compensating the loss caused by translating. Therefore, in order to preserve the idiomaticity of the original text and to avoid the mentioned loss, many translators resort to compensation in translating idioms as their final but workable strategy. That is when an idiom is not possible to be translated into TT, a translators last effort is to compensate an idiom by omitting that and putting an idiom in another place, by preserving the usage effect of idiom in the ST. Nida and Taber (1969) mention that, whereas one inevitably loses many idioms in the process of translation one also stands to gain a number of idioms (p. 106). Baker (1992) indicates that in compensation, a translator may leave out a feature such as idiomaticity where it arise in the ST and introduce it somewhere else in the TT (p. 78). In support of this idea, Newmark (1991) suggests that all puns, alliterations, rhyme, slang, metaphor and pregnant words can be compensated in translation. Though he further adds that, compensation is the procedure which in the last resort ensures that translation is possible (pp.143à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 144). Theoretical framework We agree with Lorenzo, M. et al., in that the first step a translator must take is to clearly define his objective before producing a translation which is as true as possible to the original text. One of the aspects of Hans Vermeers concept of skopos (1989:227) is the establishment of a clearly defined objective or purpose for translation; Any form of translation, including translation itself, may be understood as an action, as the name implies. Any action has an aim, a purpose. The word skopos is a technical word for the aim or purpose of translation. Nidas Dynamic Equivalence In the process of translating idioms, the translator may face many difficulties which is not a simple task to overcome. The major problem is the lack of equivalence in the process of translation. It would be desirable if a translator could find a TL idiom which is the same as that in structure and content of SL idiom. Anyway every language, both source and target, has its own idioms and it may be hard to find the precise source equivalent in the target language. The definition of dynamic equivalence is initially given by Eugene A. Nida in his book Toward a Science of the Translation (Nida, E.A., 1964:161). Nida is an American translator, scholar, teacher, leader, influencer, conceptualizer, innovator, and influential theoretician. Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence-which in the second edition by Nida and Taber (1982) is referred to as formal correspondence-and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon the principle of equivalent effect (1964:159). Dynamic equivalence connects the target language and culture in order to make messages comprehensible to target language receptors. For instance, if we translate a phrase like two hemorrhages apiece literally into Persian, it will produce a nonsensical meaning for the Persian receptor. Idiomatic expressions may not seem understandable when translated from one language to another. In such cases the equivalence counterpart Ø ®Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€  قؠ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ can be used to make it understandable to the receptor. In this view the translator has brought an equivalent which the original author most likely meant. Method: Corpus: The study is based on a contrastive comparison between the two Persian translations of The Catcher in the Rye by Muhammad Najafi and Ahmad Karimi. In this study we tried to achieve which of these translators has followed the compensation strategy in his own translation, and whether they have been successful in this process or not. Gathering the data: Collecting the data, of course, is as important as other stages (like conclusion) and even more important. Because the more accurate the gathered data is so, the more favorable the result will be. Focusing on the process in this study, we long to explain the steps in data collecting, respectively. At the earliest step, we extracted English idioms and non-idioms from the first chapter of the novel, then found their Persian equivalents from two Persian translations by Najafi and Karimi of the same novel. We aimed to know whether English idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not and whether English non-idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not. Then we read the aforementioned translated chapter by two translators several times to clarify if they may be idioms. We looked up English idioms in Idioms Oxford Dictionary, although we had difficulty in recognizing the exact idiom at first. On the other hand, as we are Persian students, it was not hard to find Persian idioms as difficult as English idioms, anyway. But on non-idioms, we considered the most English phrases or sentences which translated as idioms in TL. Maybe you ask why we chose this novel. As you know, of course, this novel is rich in idioms and it makes the work for researcher to access the idealistic results easier. Then we counted the idioms and non-idioms in both original text and its Persian translations by two translators. Table 1. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers Idioms J.D. Salingers Idioms Total Translation Najafi Karimi 44 Idiomatic 22 18 Non- Idiomatic 22 26 In this table, we calculated the total numbers of English idioms (N=44) which is translated by translators, either idiomatic or non-idiomatic. As you can see, here, Najafi translated more English idioms (N=44) into Persian idioms (N=22) than Karimi. We guess, this table will confirm our claim that Najafi has translated much more skilful than Karimi, because he got use of compensation strategy by adding more Persian idioms than Karimi. Anyway, our purpose is not to compare persons and is just to determine if there is any use of compensation strategy in each of these translations. Table 2. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers Non-idioms J.D. Salingers Non-Idioms Total Translation Najafi Karimi 42 Idiomatic 42 26 Non-Idiomatic 0 16 This table also illustrated that Najafi translated 42 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. On the other hand, Karimi translated 26 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. This table shows how Najafi and Karimi have functioned in translating non-idioms into idioms. By total non-idioms, we mean those which translated as idioms by Najafi and it will be our criteria for counting Karimis idioms and non-idioms. Table 3. Total Number of Different Data Extracted from Both Translations and the Original Text Data J.D. Salinger Najafi Karimi Idiom 44 64 44 Non-idiom 42 22 42 Total 86 86 86 This table confirms that Najafi has translated the novel more idiomatic (N=64) than Karimi (N=44). Classifying the Data: After extracting and counting the total idioms in both original text and its translations, it revealed that translators had applied 3 different translation strategies for idioms. These strategies were: Translating English Idioms into Persian Idioms Translating English Idioms into Persian Non-idioms Translating English Non-idioms into Persian Idioms Analyzing the Data: In this stage, we analyzed the whole collected data and calculated frequency and the percentage proportion of each strategy in the same translations. The results are shown in the tables below; Table 4. Frequency and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Najafi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of idiom with idiom 22 50 Translation of idiom with non-idiom 22 50 Total 44 100 Table 5. Frequency and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Karimi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of idiom with idiom 18 40.90 Translation of idiom with non-idiom 26 59.10 Total 44 100 Table 6. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Najafi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of non-idiom with idiom 42 100 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 0 0 Total 42 100 Table 7. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Karimi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of non-idiom with idiom 26 61.90 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 16 38.10 Total 42 100 Table 8. Percentage of each Applied Strategies in both Translations Strategy Najafi Karimi Translation of non-idiom with idiom 100 61.90 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 0 38.10 Total 100 100 Results: The results show that both translators, Najafi and Karimi, have applied three strategies in translating idioms: translating English idioms with Persian idioms, translating English idioms with Persian non-idioms, translating English non-idioms with Persian idioms, and translating English non-idioms with Persian non-idioms. One of the translators, Najafi, used more frequently the first and the third (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian idioms) strategy in his translation, on the other hand, the latter translator, Karimi, used the second and the last (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian non-idioms) strategy more often. Discussion and Conclusion: As mentioned before, its hard to translate a SL idiom into TL idiom regarding the accurateness and the faithfulness of SL into TL. In this stud, out of 44 extracted idioms from J.D. Salingers novel, 22 (50%) of the expressions have not been translated as idioms by Najafi. In the same case, Karimi has translated 18 (40.90%) of the idioms with Persian idioms and the remaining 26(59.10%) idioms have been translated non-idiomatically. This imbalance between the total number of idioms and their non-idiomatic translations causes a loss of idiomaticity in the Persian translated texts. Some of these idiomatic losses have been compensated for elsewhere in the text, since the translators have replaced some English language non-idioms with Persian idioms. By this strategy, Najafi has added 42 idioms and Karimi has added 26 idioms to their translations. We recognized that theres not the exact contrast in numbers of idioms in two languages(SL,TL), but its very common in translation. The translators were somehow successful here in compensating idiom gaps in the TL. Furthermore, they compensated those non-idiom expressions in the original context to function better on their translations. Compensation strategy is considered here as the best to translate idioms, non-idioms and figure of speech as well.

E-Menu Service

0 Project Planning Document By KP Contents Pages Introduction 3-4 Aims and Objectives 5-6 Project Scope, Milestones, Main Tasks and Deliverables 7-8 Source of Information and Resources Required 8 Project Risks 9-10 Evaluation of Professional, Social, Ethical and Legal Issues 11 Gantt Chart 12 Reference 13 1. Introduction During this project an E-Menu service for restaurants will be designed and created. The system will allow customers to order food and drink at the comfort of their own table, using a touch panel technology installed on every table in the restaurant.Each table top device allows the user to read detailed descriptions of the dishes and beverages available, whilst also displaying an image of the selected item. Placing this system in a wider context – The E-menu service is diverse and can be incorporated to work with any restaurants’ menu. The need for this service: †¢ Improvement of the ordering experience and achieving a better service. †¢ Optimi zation of customer’s satisfaction and loyalty. †¢ Development of new revenue sources for the business. Current E-menu Market ResearchConceptic is a Hi tech company established in 2005 that is active in the field of digital menus for restaurants, pubs and coffee shops (Israel Exporter 2012). The company is based in Israel and currently offers a comparable service to the one I wish to create. Facts and Figures (Conceptic Interactive Menus 2012). †¢ Table Side eMenu, 13% Increase in sales. †¢ Touch Screen Menu for waiting area 5min faster table turn around. †¢ Ipad Menu Wine List 24% Increase in Sales. †¢ Ipad Menu Food List 9% Increase in Sales. †¢ Members’ club sign ups 520% increase.The e-Menu service will benefit any establishment it is installed into. developing an electronic menu o The e-Menu service  offers many benefits to users, in particular with the presentation of your restaurant's menu items and the overall enhanced atmosphere it lends to the dining experience: The  e-Menu  offers far more than the standard paper menu. It brings food to life with vivid photographs of delicious looking meals and comprehensive up-to-date descriptions of each dish. Customers are able to view exactly what they are ordering, eliminating any confusion when the food arrives.Dietary constraints such as nut or gluten allergies will also be displayed when browsing the menu. Diners are also able to see your restaurant's specials on the screen – not tucked away on a faded chalkboard or on an insert in your usual menu. Food is only part of the dining experience. There's also the crucial element of creating the best possible atmosphere in which to enjoy a meal. The  e-Menu  offers a multitude of ways diners can entertain themselves in the process or even during the meal.The customers can choose from many entertainment features offered on the eMenu: †¢ Listen to a their favourite band †¢ Enjoy video clips †¢ Play interactive games †¢ On-screen â€Å"chatting† with diners at other tables  Ã‚   A great deal of research has been done before implicating the project. A lot of different aspects go into a successful ordering system, it must be user friendly/easy to use, have no maintenance issues, robust, longevity within the restaurant and cost effective. 2. Aims and Objectives Aim To create a working version of the E-Menu service.Objectives All objectives follow SMART methodology (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound): †¢ Create a user friendly e-Menu interface, which is quick and easy to navigate through. Usability is fundamental to this system, if the customer doesn’t understand how to navigate through the menu to order their food and drink, the system would become useless. So during the project great care will be taken when designing user interfaces, specifically when designing UI layouts trying to create a layout that is effective and eff icient.Different user interface layouts will go through testing stages, the two layouts that are most successful through testing will be shown to the restaurant we are working with. Their input on the interfaces will aid the final design stage, allowing any adjustments to be made before installation. †¢ Users are able to access social media websites while using the e-Menu system. Hyperlinks for social media websites will be displayed conveniently, allowing easy access for customers to connect to the World Wide Web, to social media sites, advertises the restaurant to many new possible customers.Special offers and promotions are often viewed online and then brought into store to be used, if the restaurant has any possible deals they can offer, using social media is a good way of advertising it. To gain access to a special promotion the customer must ‘Like’ the restaurants’ Facebook page, this is the type of method that will create a lot of awareness for the re staurant. †¢ Common food allergies (Dairy, Eggs, Fish, Nuts, Sesame, Shellfish, Soy, Sulphites, Wheat, Gluten) displayed.The whole menu’s ingredients will be checked to see if any ingredients fall within the top 10 common food allergies. Whatever ingredients are highlighted from the list, will then all be marked with a food allergy logo. When a customer is browsing the menu, and selects a dish to view it closer, a new window opens displaying the food allergy logo with some text stating the dish they are about to view has a food allergy warning. This warning system should stop any user from ordering a dish which may later cause them harm. ‘Side suggestion tab’ incorporated fully into the menu, its purpose to suggest side dishes and beverages to the user once they have selected a main meal. Different main meal choices affect the recommended dishes and drinks. This feature benefits both parties the customers and the restaurant, being recommended which bottle of wine goes well with your main or what side dish will accompany the rest of your food benefits the customer. The restaurant would benefit from the increase in side dishes and drink sales with food; this could always lead to special promotions which encourage loyalty within customers. Users will be able to view online video via YouTube. Hyperlinks will be visible on the e-Menu system, users will be able to view their favourite band, children can watch cartoons while waiting for food to be prepared. †¢ Have access to play interactive games on the e-Menu system. 3. Project Scope, Milestones, Main Tasks and Deliverables Below is a table showing the types of deliverables that are in and out of scope, also lists some of the major functions of the project. this should include Review Point 2, Demonstration and Project Thesis). |Title |In Scope |Out of scope |Reason why.. | |Search facility | |Yes |Time it would take to create a search facility for the| | | | |e-Menu service would not b e good use of the time that | | | | |has been given. |Access to social media websites|Yes | |By allowing users to access their online profile, the | | | | |company’s profile will be viewed a lot more | | | | |(advertising). | |Food and Drink suggestion tab |Yes | |A good addition from the regular menu this deliverable| | | |encourages customers to purchase more. Which may | | | | |increases business for the restaurant. | |Allergy Advise |Yes | |This system is being created so customers have a much | | | | |better understanding of the menu.If you select a main| | | | |meal which includes 1 or more ingredients that may | | | | |cause harm to the customer if they are allergic to | | | | |anything specifically, a warning logo appears whilst | | | | |ordering so the user is aware of the ingredients of | | | | |the dish. | |Create a clean and clear |Yes | |An important part of the ordering system is how users | |interface. | | |navigate around, if users can’t read the inform ation | | | | |then the system fails at 1 of its main objectives. |Customers are able to play | |Yes |This objective is aimed at creating more entertainment| |interactive games | | |for the customer. However I don’t think this objective| | | | |is achievable during the project process. | 4. Sources of Information and Resources Required. A. List of resources used to meet the scope of the project. Software – already own the software, or can gain access to the software at university sites. †¢ Adobe Photoshop CS5 †¢ Microsoft Word, most of the documentation to do with the project will be written up using the softare. †¢ Microsoft PowerPoint, my demonstration will be created on powerpoint. Microsoft Excel, the projects Gantt chart will be made using this software. †¢ Java Programming software. Hardware – purchase needed hardware †¢ Android Tablet †¢ Ipad †¢ Blackberry playbook †¢ Microsoft surface (need to acquire a device befo re testing stage). Companies – †¢ Thai restaurant, I will be contacting the restaurant multiple times over the project. I may need to ask the manager a question or even the waiting staff. Visits will be scheduled so time must be made for these meetings. †¢ Conceptic People – †¢ Group of customers at a specific restaurant spoken to. †¢ Questionnaire given out to people about the e-Menu system before it is released. Questionnaire given out to customers to gather feedback about the e-Menu system. Extra – †¢ Any reading material will be collected from Boots library or the Clifton library. If any book is needed online booking will be completed early to allow for maximum time with the text. †¢ Multiple restaurants will be visited to inspect their menus content and design. 5. Project Risks During the length of the project plan many different objectives needs to be completed. These objectives will not always be consecutively completed on ti me. For example if the E-menu system took longer than expected to programme, it would cause a delay and the next objective after that would be put on hold until work has been caught up.However a resolution for this problem has already been thought about, the time scale of this project already has a built in 2 week contingency back up, which should give adequate time to resolve the issues at hand. Another unexpected delay to the project would be any personal health issues during the development of the project. By planning in extra time for each task, delays can be kept to a minimum or avoided all together, allowing enough time to complete the project on time. Software packages can occasionally not work or crash/break altogether. If a software package crashed and it was impossible to access the software anywhere else. This may cause a delay in the project, work can’t proceed until the problem has been solved or another software package acquired. Resources needed.For the project a 3rd party device will be needed to test the system out on. An Apple iPad or android tablet would work as devices to test the system on. When ordering the devices, delivery needs to be taken into consideration online orders normally come between 1-14 working days (maximum). If the delivery was lost and the product had to be ordered again, this could evolve into another lengthy delay. University hand-ins. During the course of the project other deadlines will need attention also; a clash with deadlines is a possibility. If this was to happen while work on the project could become delayed as workloads add up and less time is available to use.After looking at all these examples of project risks, it is clear that numerous events could potentially put the project at risk. Best way to avoid these risks would be to plan for them. Contingency time has been added to the overall project plan, if needed this added time will allow for any catching up to be done on behind objectives. 6. Evaluat ion of Professional, Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Schedule 1 to the Data Protection Act lists 8 different terms. All terms need to be followed otherwise you will be breaking the law. The e-Menu system we are creating will have to abide by these laws too, term 5 â€Å" Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes† (ISO 2012).Our system if used to its maximum capability will have a lot of personal data being sent around, Billing information, credit card numbers etc†¦ If in the wrong hands this information can be used for dishonest drudgery. It’s within the restaurants best interests to create a safe and secure dining experience. Data Protection Act term 2: â€Å"Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes† (ISO 2012). Computer Misus e Act â€Å"An Act to make provision for securing computer material against unauthorised access or modification; and for connected purposes† (Government 1990) The computer misuse act is another PSEL dilemma that could affect the system. If customers’ data is not safe it could be used for fraud or other criminal offences.The complex E-menu system will deter any hackers from the system, disaster recovery plans for the system will be followed if any attack or hack transpired. [pic] References o Conceptic Interactive Menus. (2012). Home Page. Available: http://www. emenu-international. com/. Last accessed 23rd Oct 2012. o Government . (1990). Computer Misuse Act . Available:http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1990/18/introduction. Last accessed 26th Oct 2012. o o ICO. (2012). Data protection principles. Available: http://www. ico. gov. uk/for_organisations/data_protection/the_guide/the_principles. aspx. Last accessed 26/10/12. o Israel Exporter. (2012). Conceptic Intera ctive Menus. Available: http://www. israelexporter. com. Last accessed 23rd Oct 2012. ———————– Gantt Chart for my project.

Definition Essay †A Good Friend Essay

When I asked Google to define a friend it gave me 82,300,000 related results, but when I asked the definition of a good friend it only showed 47,000,000 results. This proved how people tend to have more challenges in characterizing what a good friend is, probably because it is harder to find one. Generally, a friend is described as a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection, typically exclusive of sexual or family relations. Almost every single one of us will immediately nod in agreement to this definition and explain how your good friend never fails to make you smile. They are the ones who support every action you made, every word you said, and every decision you take. As stated above, a good friend is something scarce since they are more than just a friend, but do they necessarily have to be someone who never disagrees? In my own opinion a good friend dishes out hard truths, has your best interest at heart, and will not hesitate to be a villain when required. Yes, they are not your family members corresponding to our common understanding, but they will act like ones. A good friend will act like your father. Try to remember those days when anything is possible but to see eye to eye with your father. When your father was sick and preferred going for alternative medication but you tried to convince him that what he need is to see a doctor. Not to mention smaller disagreements, for instance when your father said that he was going to take the express way, you said it would be better to take the regular road. Arguments with our fathers are inevitable, it happens regularly because both of us think we know better than the other. However, we often forgot the real reason for our arguments; it is because we want the best for each other. Similar cases will most likely occur with our good friends too, not as numerous but nevertheless it happens. There are moments when we make stupid decisions and we need someone who knows we are settling for something less than what we deserved to advise us. At the end of the day, a good friend will never leave or forsake you despite all the arguments you both had, again just like your father. A good friend will act like your mother. Our mothers are the most genuine and honest women in our life. They dare to unmask all the concealed pain, although she alone will take the consequences of being hated by doing something out of love. She will look you straight in the eye and said your boyfriend is not being faithful despite the fact that she had only met him twice. She know you that well that she can tell her beloved child is denying reality just because she did not want to be broken hearted. You will hate her that much for dragging you out of the fantasy you have been living, but eventually you will thank her for that. For me, a good friend will do exactly the same. When they disclose an ugly truth that everyone kept secret from you with reasons to protect you, they will unveil it slowly and let you be broken. It is a tough love undoubtedly, but they did it because they care and it is better for them to be hated now rather than to let someone slap you on the face with that ugly truth in the future. However, they will not let you burn to the ground. They will help you to stand back up and move on when you are ready to be helped, like how your mother will tolerate your continuous crying, falling grades, and will even bake your favorite cake to nurse your broken heart. A good friend will act the way your sibling does. You jumped over the fence, broke the windows, covered up for each other, and got grounded together. Both of you will stay in one room and keep quiet while trying to hold your tears from bursting when your parents were fighting. Those memories of what you had been through together are priceless. Nonetheless, there are also days when your big brother or sister brought back their date, you are happy for them but suddenly you became invisible. You tried to distract them and grabbed their attention back but it ended up in a nasty fight. This is how a good friend will react despite every effort they make to be happy for you. I will be jealous when one of my good friends is getting along with a new friend of hers, or when she finally found the love of her life. We will end up fighting for not being able to spare time and listen to each other’s problems but ultimately we will always forgive each other because the fight is not worth losing our relationship. Thus for me, a true friendship will not be a ride somewhere over the rainbow where every day is sunny and happy is all you will ever be. Troubles will not melt like lemon drops and identical to family relationship it will have its own ups and downs. They will act like your father because they want the absolute best for you. They will act like your mother because they care too much to worry about being hated by you for doing the right thing. They will act like your siblings and be anxious about losing their loved one. Undeniably, some of you do not have a good relationship with your family, and friends are your refuge. You definitely do not need them to behave the way your family does, but I need to warn you that those friends are not friends for a lifetime. The truth is, if they really care for you and want you to be happy, they will make you understand how important it is to love your family no matter how damaged it is. Therefore, I believe, and you should too, that a good friend who treats you as their family is a best friend. Nicoline Djohan ( 1,038 words) View as multi-pages